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Objective@#To examine the exposure to television advertising of unhealthy food among children and adolescents in Beijing, in order to provide a basis for the formulation of marketing management policies with unhealthy food.@*Methods@#Four weekdays and four weekend days were randomly selected during October 19, 2020 to January 17, 2021, excluding holidays and school holidays. The top five popular channels of children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years old were selected. A total of 720 hours was included for coding and analysis. World Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model for the Western Pacific Region was used to classify food and assess the health level.@*Results@#A total of 13 864 advertisings (ads) was monitored, 38.8% (5 376) of which were food ads. Furthermore, 49.9% (2 680) of food ads were unhealthy food ads, with a frequency of 2.00 per hour per channel. The top five most frequent food ads were infant formula for 12-36 months (26.7%), cheese (16.7%), savory snacks (12.2%), milk drinks (10.5%) and chocolate and candy (6.0%). The most frequently used marketing strategies for unhealthy food ads were brand benefit claims (96.8%) and promotional characters (67.9%).@*Conclusion@#Children and adolescents in Beijing are highly exposed to TV marketing of unhealthy foods. Marketing strategies such as brand benefit claims and promotional characters are employed to boost the impact of unhealthy food ads. There is an urgent need to introduce relevant policies to regulate TV marketing of unhealthy foods.
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Objective@#To analyze the status of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D[25 (OH)D] in children aged 0-6 years in Gansu Province, and to analyze the relationships between 25 (OH)D and age, seasonal characteristics and physical development, so as to provide a scientific reference for supplementing vitamin D for children in due time.@*Methods@#Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 9 790 children aged 0-6 years from 6 cities and prefectures maternity and child health institutions in Gansu Province for health examination from January 2019 to December 2020. Serum 25 (OH)D concentration from 1 mL peripheral blood was tested by enzyme linked immunoassay. Subjects were classified into overweight and normal figure groups based on weight for height.@*Results@#the serum 25 (OH)D level M(P 25 ,P 75 ) of the children aged 0-6 was 81.31(63.14, 95.86)nmol/L. The detection rate of 25 (OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was 45.11%. The serum 25 (OH)D level of children 4- 6 years old was significantly lower than that of infants <1 year old and children 1-<4 years old, and the detection rate of 25 (OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was highest among 4-6 years old( χ 2=83.67, P <0.05). In winter the proportion of 25 (OH)D insufficiency and deficiency was highest (55.82%) ( χ 2=194.12, P <0.01). For overweight children, the abnormal rate of 25 (OH)D (19.83%) was significantly higher in autumn ( P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Children s vitamin D levels were associated with age, season and physical development. Vitamin D surveillance should be focused on ages less than 1 year old and above 4 years old, winter should be an important season. For overweight children, autumn should be the focus period for vitamin D deficiency prevention.
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Objective To study the incidence and risk factors of new foot ulcer among diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis.Methods This is a single-center prospective cohort study.Clinically-stable diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis in our renal division were recruited from January 2014 to June 2014.Baseline data including general information,biochemistry data,dialysis adequacy,the dorsalis pedis artery pulse,clinical symptoms of diabetic foot and ankle brachial index were recorded.All patients were followed till to Dec 31,2015.The outcomes consisted of new foot ulcer,amputation due to foot ulcer or gangrene,and lower limb vascular blood supply revascularization.Results Totally 108 patients were recruited and followed up the average time (17.7±5.6) months.Among 108 patients,16 cases had a history of diabetic foot ulcer,and 1 case had amputation.During the follow-up,11 cases (10.2％) had new foot ulcer,3 cases (2.8％) had amputation due to foot ulcers or gangrene,and 8 cases (7.4％) had lower limb vascular blood supply revascularization.A total of 13 cases (12％) had composite end points with 81.3 times/1000 patients of incidence.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models showed that the history of foot ulcer was the only independent risk factors for new foot ulcers-related composite end points.Conclusion The incidence of new foot ulcer-related composite end points was 12％,which could be independently predicted by the history of diabetic foot ulcer.
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Objective To study the incidence and risk factors of new foot ulcer among diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis.Methods This is a single-center prospective cohort study.Clinically-stable diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis in our renal division were recruited from January 2014 to June 2014.Baseline data including general information,biochemistry data,dialysis adequacy,the dorsalis pedis artery pulse,clinical symptoms of diabetic foot and ankle brachial index were recorded.All patients were followed till to Dec 31,2015.The outcomes consisted of new foot ulcer,amputation due to foot ulcer or gangrene,and lower limb vascular blood supply revascularization.Results Totally 108 patients were recruited and followed up the average time (17.7±5.6) months.Among 108 patients,16 cases had a history of diabetic foot ulcer,and 1 case had amputation.During the follow-up,11 cases (10.2％) had new foot ulcer,3 cases (2.8％) had amputation due to foot ulcers or gangrene,and 8 cases (7.4％) had lower limb vascular blood supply revascularization.A total of 13 cases (12％) had composite end points with 81.3 times/1000 patients of incidence.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models showed that the history of foot ulcer was the only independent risk factors for new foot ulcers-related composite end points.Conclusion The incidence of new foot ulcer-related composite end points was 12％,which could be independently predicted by the history of diabetic foot ulcer.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the survival time and its related factors among AIDS patients in Liangshan prefecture of Sichuan province from 1995 to 2012.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the information of 5 263 AIDS patients. The data were collected from Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Information Management System. Life table method was applied to calculate the survival proportion, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportion hazard regression model were used to identify the factors related to survival time.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 5 273 AIDS patients, 819 (15.6%)died of AIDS related diseases; 2 782(52.9%) received antiretroviral therapy. The average survival time was 126.7 (117.1-136.2) months, and the survival rate in 1, 5, 10, 15 years were 95.4%, 78.8%, 54.2%, and 31.8% respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant difference in survival time of age diagnosed as AIDS patients, nationality, transmission route, AIDS phase, CD4(+)T cell counts in the last testing, receiving antiretroviral therapy or not. Multivariate Cox regression showed age diagnosed AIDS below 50 years old ( < 15 years old:HR = 0.141, 95%CI:0.036-0.551;15-49 years old:HR = 0.343, 95%CI:0.241-0.489), HIV infection diagnosed phase (HR = 0.554, 95%CI:0.432-0.709), CD4(+)T cell counts last testing ≥ 350/µl (HR = 0.347, 95%CI:0.274-0.439) reduced the risk of dying of AIDS related diseases among AIDS patients. The patients having not received antiretroviral therapy had a higher risk of death(HR = 3.478, 95%CI:2.943-4.112) compared to those who received antiretroviral therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Survival time of AIDS patients was possibly mainly influenced by the age of diagnosed as AIDS patients, AIDS phase, CD4(+)T cell counts and whether or not received antiretroviral therapy. The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy could extend the survival time.</p>
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Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Mortality , China , Epidemiology , Cohort Studies , HIV Infections , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Survival RateABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was to investigate the HIV current situation in Liangshan prefecture, in order to predict prevalence and transmission trends.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Region-specific population, behavior, serosurveillence, and policy/program data (from 1995 to 2010) were gathered from various local and national organizations and applied to the Asian Epidemic Model (AEM) and used to derive estimates of future HIV prevalence, epidemic trends, and outcomes of intervention strategies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The AEM projections for 2020 included increased number of people living with HIV (PLHIV; to 136 617), increased HIV prevalence (2.51%), and 8037 deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in this region. However, the overall HIV incidence rate (per 10 000) was projected to decline from 27 in 2015 to 22 in 2020, largely due to a predicted decrease in HIV infection rate (per 10 000) from 658 in 2013 to 621 in 2020 among intravenous drug users. In contrast, the cases of HIV infection per 10 000 was projected to increase from 420 in 2010 to 503 in 2020 among men who have sex with men, and from 8 in 2010 to 15 in 2020 among the general population. The predominant risk factor for HIV transmission over the next decade in Liangshan was casual sex. Community-based outreach strategies to reduce injected drug use and casual sex, and to promote condom use, were predicted as effective interventions to decrease HIV transmission.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Implementation of a comprehensive public health program, with targeting to the region-specific at-risk populations, will help to mitigate HIV/AIDS spread in Liangshan.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Ethnology , Epidemics , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Minority Groups , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Objective To study the association of MYH9 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with clinical manifestation,pathology and prognosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients of Han nationality population in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Method One hundred and forty-eight IgAN patients proven by biopsy were enrolled in the study.Fifty-six patients were followed up for 1-97 months.DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of above patients.PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was used to detect the single nucleotide polymorphisms of MYH9 gene Rs3752462,Rs4821480 sites.Association of different genotypes with clinical features,pathology and prognosis im patients with IgA nephropathy was examined.Result (1) Rs3752462 site was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,while Rs4821480 site did not meet the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.(2) IgAN patients with MYH9 gene Rs3752462 site TF genotype had lower systolic blood pressure as compared to those with CC +CT genotype (P＜0.05).There were significant differences in systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure and age between patients with Rs4821480 site GG genotype and patients with TT or GT genotype (P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in Scr,Ccr,plasma albumin,hemoglobin,microscopic hematuria,proteinuria,pathological HASS classification,pathological lesion among Rs4821480 site GG,TT,GT genotypes.(3) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed the time from renal biopsy to renal function decline was shorted in patients with Rs3752462 site CC genotype and Rs4821480 site TT genotype.Conclusions C allele of MYH9 gene Rs3752462 site is an independent risk factor of high blood pressure damage in IgAN patients.Polymorphism of 3 genotypes of MYH9 gene Rs4821480 site is associated to the prognosis of patients.Carrying Rs3752462 site C allele and Rs4821480 site T allele may affect the prognosis of patients.
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Objective To explore the acceptability of male circumcision (MC) as an HIV prevention method and its related factors among young men of Yi ethnicity in Liangshan prefecture. Methods 446 young men were selected in Butuo county,under stratified sampling method. Using a self-designed questionnaire,face to face interviews were taken to collect HIV-related risk behaviors,knowledge and acceptability of MC. Results After an introduction on MC by interviewers,40.6% of the interviewees expressed their willingness in taking this surgery. The main reason for acceptance was that they felt this surgery might reduce the risk of HIV infection (90.1%). For those who refused to take this surgery,most of them thought it was too sensitive and embarrassing (52.5%) and were afraid that it might affect their procreation ability. Data from logistic regression analysis indicated that the acceptability of MC was associated with the following factors as: age,income,experience of commercial sexual behavior. They also felt that messages related to male MC surgery could reduce the risk of being infected with HIV/STDs or induce pain when having sexual intercourse,or it might cause partial infection after surgery,or they might be mocked at if taking the surgery. Conclusion It is the prerequisite in helping young people of Yi ethnicity to have a good understanding on MC as for Yi people,embarrassment attitudes towards sex appears to be one of the big obstacles against the popularization of this surgery. The operation should be provided by trained and professional doctors,with standardized procedure,in good sanitary conditions and free for service.